Prevalence of sexual harassment and its relationship with family birth order among female undergraduates: New findings from institutional-based cross-sectional study in the south east, Nigeria

Family is the microcosm of a larger society that provides care that shapes the behavior of children. However, the different levels of attention children receive from their parents may affect their behaviour and self-esteem, which can lead to them being more vulnerable to sexual harassment. An institutional-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from March ­ August 2021, to assess the relationship between family birth order and prevalence of sexual harassment. The multistage sampling procedure was used to draw 1070 participants. The data was analyzed using percentages, mean, and multivariate logistic regression statistics. The multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. The findings revealed prevalence (73.6%) of sexual harassment, and the two forms such as verbal (x= 2.63) and non-verbal sexual harassment (x= 2.56) were high. The multivariate logistic regression odds ratios adjusted shows that the middle born were approximately 2 folds (AOR = 1.62; CI = 1.14 ­ 2.30; P = 0.008 0.05) more likely to predict sexual harassment. The study recommended amongst others that parents in South Eastern Nigeria should refrain from given special attention to a particular child as this may predispose the unfavoured child to sexual harassment

Transition to adulthood in Latin America: 1960s-2010s / Transição para a vida adulta na América Latina: 1960-2010 / Transición a la adultez en América Latina 1960-2010

Multidimensional discussion about transition to adulthood is an incipient theme in Latin America. This paper seeks to describe and characterize the process of change in the transition of men and women in the region between the 1960s and 2010's. Using census data from IPUMS-International for 15 Latin American countries, we calculate the mean ages at transition to adulthood, at entering the labor market, at first union, and at first birth. We concluded there was a process of postponing transition to adulthood, although much stronger for males than for females, which we attribute to the events linked to the transition of each group. With these results, we hope to encourage further research into transition to adulthood in Latin America.

A transição para a vida adulta é um tema pouco explorado de forma multidimensional na América Latina. Este artigo busca descrever e caracterizar o processo de mudança na transição de homens e mulheres na região, entre 1960 e 2010. Utilizando dados censitários fornecidos pela plataforma IPUMS para 15 países latino-americanos, foram calculadas as idades médias na transição para a vida adulta, no ingresso no mercado de trabalho, na primeira união e no nascimento do primeiro filho. Conclui-se que houve um processo de postergação da transição para a vida adulta, porém, foi muito mais forte para os homens do que para as mulheres, o que pode ser atribuído aos acontecimentos ligados à transição de cada grupo. Com esses resultados, esperamos encorajar mais investigações sobre a transição para a vida adulta na América Latina.

La transición a la adultez es un tema poco explorado de manera multidimensional en América Latina. Este artículo busca describir y caracterizar el proceso de cambio en la transición de hombres y mujeres en la región entre las décadas de 1960 y 2010. Utilizando datos censales proporcionados por la plataforma IPUMS para 15 países de América Latina, calculamos las edades medias en la transición a la edad adulta, entrada al mercado laboral, primera unión y primer nacimiento. Concluimos que hubo un proceso de postergación de la transición a la adultez que fue mucho más fuerte para los hombres que para las mujeres, lo que atribuimos a los hechos relacionados con la transición de cada grupo. Con estos resultados esperamos impulsar nuevas investigaciones sobre la transición a la vida adulta en América Latina.

Relationship between Breastfeeding, Birth History, and Acute Pyelonephritis in Infants

BACKGROUND: Although the clinical importance of the immunological benefits of breastfeeding has been emphasized for decades, their direct relationship with acute pyelonephritis (APN) is still not clear. Our goal was to determine whether breastfeeding truly provides protection against APNs, while investigating the effects of other factors such as sex, age, mode of delivery, and birth weight on APN.METHODS: A total of 62 infants under 6 months of age who had both microbiologically and radiologically-confirmed APN were enrolled in the case group. Healthy infants (n = 178) who visited the hospital for scheduled vaccinations were enrolled in the control group. The following participant characteristics were compared between the case and control groups: age, sex, birth order among siblings, feeding methods, weight percentile by month, birth weight percentile by gestational age, gestational age at birth, and mode of delivery.RESULTS: Babies exclusively fed with manufactured infant formulae before 6 months of age had significantly higher risk for APN than breastfed or mixed-fed infants (odds ratio [OR], 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.687–7.031; P = 0.001). Firstborn babies had lower risk for APN than 2nd- or 3rd-born babies (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.210–0.919). Other factors that increased the risk for APN were low birth weight percentiles (OR, 8.33; 95% CI, 2.300–30.166) and birth via caesarean section (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.097–4.887). There were more preterm births in the case group (10.9% vs. 1.7%; P = 0.002), but this did not increase the risk for APN (OR, 4.47; P = 0.063).CONCLUSION: Feeding exclusively with formula before 6 months of age was related to higher risk for APN, which demonstrates that breastfeeding has a protective effect against APN. The other risk factors for APN were birth order (≥ 2nd-born), low birth weight, and birth via caesarean section.

Rotavirus Vaccine Coverage and Related Factors

PURPOSE: The vaccination level of rotavirus vaccine not supported by the government is not known. As vaccines not included in the national immunization schedule are not registered in the computerized national immunization registry system, their vaccination rate cannot be calculated according to the same method used in government-supported vaccines. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the status of the vaccination rate of rotavirus not included in the national immunization schedule. METHODS: The target population is the 0-year-old cohort. The survey population was composed of registered children born in 2017 enrolled in the Immunization Registry Information System. The survey was conducted through a computerized telephone survey method. The survey variables were as follows: vaccination order and date, provider, and data source. Factors related to complete vaccination were the child's sex, residence, birth order, and parents' age, educational level, and job status. RESULTS: Children's vaccination rates for the rotavirus vaccine by 2017 were 88.0%, 86.9%, and 96.6% for the first, second, and third doses, respectively. The rate of complete vaccination was 85.6%. The factors related to rotavirus complete vaccination were the child's sex and birth order, area of residence, parents' age and job status, and father's education level. CONCLUSION: In the future, it is necessary to conduct regular investigations on the rate of rotavirus vaccination as a tool for the development of the rotavirus infectious diseases control policy or as an evaluation tool for vaccine programs.

Interaction Effect Between Breast Density and Reproductive Factors on Breast Cancer Risk in Korean Population

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to explore the effect of known risk factors, focusing on risk factors including age at menarche, age at menopause, number of children, family history of breast cancer, and age at first birth according to breast density, in consideration of interaction among East-Asian women. METHODS: Case-control study with 2,123 cases and 2,121 controls with mammographic density was conducted. Using the mammographic film, breast density was measured using Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System. To identify the association of selected reproductive factors including age at menarche, age at menopause, number of children, family history of breast cancer, and age at first birth according to breast density, stratified analysis was conducted according to breast density groups and interaction effects was assessed. The results were presented with adjusted OR and 95% CIs. RESULTS: Significant interaction effect between age at first birth and breast density on breast cancer (P = 0.048) was observed. Women with age at first birth ≥ 28 years old showed increased breast cancer risk in extremely dense breast group (≥ 75%) (OR = 1.627, 95% CI = 1.190–2.226). However, women with fatty breast (< 50%) and heterogeneously dense breast (50%–75%) did not show an increased association. Age at menarche, age at menopause, number of children, and family history of breast cancer did not show significant interaction with breast cancer and similar risk patterns were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Age at first birth showed significant interaction with breast density on breast cancer risk. Further studies considering biologically plausable model between exposure, intermediate outcomes and breast cancer risk with prospective design need to be undertaken in East Asian women.

The Correlation between IL-1β-C31T Gene Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Breast Cancer / 한국유방암학회지

PURPOSE: Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has been shown to influence breast cancer susceptibility. The relationship between its risk of breast cancer and IL-1β-C31T polymorphism has been demonstrated, but the results remain controversial. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the correlation between the IL-1β-C31T gene polymorphism and susceptibility to breast cancer. METHODS: The genotype frequencies of IL-1β-C31T polymorphism were compared between 204 breast cancer cases and 210 controls using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism techinques. Further multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between IL-1β-C31T polymorphism and breast cancer risk. RESULTS: The frequency of the T allele of IL-1β-C31T polymorphism in breast cancer cases was significantly higher than that in the controls (56.1% vs. 47.9%). The frequencies of genotypes CC, CT, and TT in the cases were 22.1%, 43.6%, and 34.3%, respectively, while in the control group they were 24.3%, 55.7%, and 20.0%, respectively. There was a significant difference between the prevalence of TT genotype in the 2 groups (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16–3.66; p  =  0.014). Breast cancer risk increased in women with TT genotype, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.09–4.36), late age at first birth (OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.29–4.56), postmenopausal status (OR, 3.15; 95% CI, 1.39–7.16), and negative smoking history (OR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.32–4.82). Furthermore, increase in breast cancer risk among women diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma was associated with CT/TT genotypes (OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.38–5.76). CONCLUSION: The IL-1β-C31T polymorphism affects breast cancer susceptibility, especially in women with late age at first birth, high BMI, postmenopausal status, negative smoking history, and invasive ductal carcinoma. Our study adds to the evidence about the importance of IL-1β-C31T polymorphism in breast cancer susceptibility.

Complementary feeding practices and nutritional status of children 6–23 months old: formative study in Aceh, Indonesia

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The 6–23 months for infants is the longest period in the “first 1,000 days” of life. This period is very important for child development, so complementary feeding (CF) practices should be optimized to maximize children's potential for growth and development. The aim of this study was to analyze the CF practices and nutritional status of children aged 6–23 months. SUBJECTS/METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, 392 children aged 6–23 months were selected using stratified random sampling. Socio-demographic data were collected through interviews. CF practices, collected by interviews and repeated 24-hour food recall method, were the timely introduction of CF, minimum meal frequency, dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet, consumption food rich in proteins and vitamin A. Nutritional status was assessed using the indicators of underweight, wasting and stunting. To analyze the association between socio-demographic indicators and CF with nutritional status, the chi-square test with a confidence interval of 95% was used. RESULTS: Results showed that 39% were exclusively breastfed, only 61% received prolonged breastfeeding and 50% received timely introduction of CF. Minimum meal frequency was met by 74% of subjects, but dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet were only realized in 50% and 40% of the children, respectively. The prevalence of underweight, wasting, and stunting were 26%, 23%, and 28%, respectively. Age of the child, birth order, birth weight, parents' education level, family size and incidence of fever and diarrhea during the previous two weeks were associated with underweight, while child's birth order, fathers' education level, mother's age, family size, completion of the age-appropriate vaccination and fish consumption frequency were associated with wasting. Age of the child, incidence of fever and acute respiratory infection, and fortified food consumption were associated with stunting. CONCLUSIONS: Suboptimal CF practices and high prevalence of underweight, wasting and stunting were found among children aged 6–23 months old in Aceh. These results highlight the need to improve CF and nutritional status.

Comparison of the Birth Statistics between Multi-cultural and Korean Families in Korea (2015)

Since 2002, the number of marriages, births, and family members among multi-cultural families (MCFs) has increased. Beginning in 2006, the government initiated a planned management for such families and has implemented the MCF policy basic plan since 2010. In 2015, with multiple socio-economic and medical support initiatives for MCF being available, we analyzed the statistics for several factors related to birth, to determine whether there are significant adverse birth outcomes in MCF. We analyzed the birth data of MCFs in 2015, from Statistics Korea. This study compared the birth data of MCF and Korean families (KF) by geography, neonatal birth weight (BW), gestational age (GA), birth order of the neonates, place of delivery, cohabitation period of parents before the first child, and parental education level. The distribution of BW and the prevalence of low BW (< 2,500 g) or very low BW (< 1,500 g) were similar between both groups. The incidence of preterm birth was lower in the MCF group (6.5% vs. 7.0%, P = 0.015) than in the KF group. In the MCF group, parental education level was lower, and incidence of out-of-hospital births was higher than that of the KF group. Adverse birth outcomes, such as preterm birth and low BW in MCF are similar or better than KF. This study could be a good basis to present the status of MCF birth and newborn care in 2015.

Length of First Birth Interval and Incidence of Twin Birth in Korea; 2010~2015

PURPOSE: To compare the incidence of twin births with the length of first birth interval (LFBI: from marriage to first birth) among primiparous women. METHODS: The birth certificated data of Korea Statistics from 2010 to 2015 were used for this analysis. There were 1,356,204 births of primiparous women from total birth cases (2,736,296 births). The data involving multiparous women, teenage birth, extra-marital birth, and triplet birth cases were excluded from all analyses. Odds ratio and 95 percent confidence intervals were calculated from logistic regression to examine the risk of twin birth by LFBI adjusted for year of birth, maternal age, paternal age, age difference between couples, and maternal education and occupation. RESULTS: The frequency of LFBI was 41.5 percent in ≤12 months, 30.7 percent in 13~24 months, 13.1 percent in 25~36 months, and 2.1 percent in LFBI of ≥85 months. The mean LFBI was 21.5 months. The incidence of twin birth increased with prolonged LFBI. The twin birth rates per LFBI were 0.8 percent, 3.1 percent, 7.9 percent, and 11.0 percent in LFBI of ≤12 months, 25~36 months, 49~60 months, and 73~84 months, respectively. Odds ratio of twin births rate by LFBI were 1.510 (95% confidence interval: 1.449~1.574) for the LFBI of 13~24 months, 9.839 (9.390~10.309) for 49~60 months, and 13.244 (12.458~14.080) for ≥73~84 months, each compared with LFBI of ≤12 months. Odds ratio of twin birth rate in LFBI of ≤72 months was higher in women aged 35 and older, as compared to women aged ≤34 years. Odds ratio of twin birth rate by maternal age (≤34 years versus ≥35 years) reversed in LFBI of ≥73 months. CONCLUSION: The risk of twin birth increased significantly with prolonged LFBI. There is a need to understand the factors (fertility therapy and etc.) to increased risk of twin birth in prolonged LFBI.

Association between order of birth and chronic malnutrition of children: a study of nationally representative Bangladeshi sample / Associação entre ordem de nascimento e desnutrição crônica em crianças: estudo de uma amostra nacional representativa em Bangladesh / Asociación entre el orden de nacimiento y la desnutrición crónica infantil: un estudio de una muestra representativa Bangladesí a nivel nacional

Abstract This paper examines the net effect of birth order on child nutritional status in Bangladesh using data from the Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey, 2011 (BDHS). Analyses were restricted to 4,120 surviving, lastborn singleton children who were younger than 36 months at the time of the survey. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between birth order and child nutritional status. Results indicate 38.1% children are stunted and 8.2% children are fifth or higher order birth. Order of birth is one of the significant predictors of child being stunted. Third order, fourth order, and fifth or higher order children are 24%, 30%, and 72%, respectively, more likely to be stunted after adjusting for all other variables. Besides birth order, results also indicate that child age, size at birth, birth intention, maternal education, maternal body mass index, wealth index, place of residence and mass media access exert strong influences over child malnutrition. Reducing birth rates which limit number of births and birth order as well may reduce child malnutrition in Bangladesh.

Resumo O estudo analisa o efeito ajustado da ordem de nascimento sobre estado nutricional em crianças de Bangladesh, com base em dados do Inquérito Nacional de Demografia e Saúde daquele país (BDHS) em 2011. As análises se limitaram a 4.120 nascidos vivos de parto único, últimos na ordem de nascimento e vivos e com menos de 36 meses de idade no momento do inquérito. A regressão logística foi utilizada para avaliar a associação entre ordem de nascimento e estado nutricional. Segundo os resultados, 38,1% das crianças apresentavam baixa estatura para a idade e 8,2% ocupavam quinto lugar ou mais na ordem de nascimento. A ordem de nascimento é preditor significativo de baixa estatura para a idade em crianças de Bangladesh. A terceira, quarta ou quinta posição ou mais na ordem de nascimento mostrou um aumento de probabilidade de 24%, 30% e 72%, respectivamente, de baixa estatura para a idade, depois de ajustar para todas as outras variáveis. Além da ordem de nascimento, os resultados indicam que a idade da criança, comprimento cabeça-nádega ao nascer, intenção da gravidez, escolaridade materna, índice de massa corporal materna, índice de riqueza familiar, lugar de residência e acesso aos meios de comunicação de massa têm forte influência sobre a desnutrição infantil. A redução da taxa de natalidade e consequente limitação do número de nascimentos e da ordem de nascimento podem também reduzir a desnutrição infantil em Bangladesh.

Resumen Este trabajo analiza el efecto neto del orden de nacimiento en el status nutricional infantil en Bangladés, utilizando datos de la Encuesta Demográfica Bangladesí sobre la Salud, 2011 (BDHS). Los análisis se restringieron a los últimos 4,120 bebés nacidos vivos, procedentes de un embarazo único, y que fueran menores de 36 meses en el momento de la realización de la encuesta. Se usó la regresión logística para evaluar la asociación entre el orden de nacimiento y el estado nutricional infantil. Los resultados indican que un 38.1% de los niños sufren retraso en su crecimiento y un 8.2% de los niños ocupan el quinto o un orden más elevado de nacimiento. El orden de nacimiento es uno de los predictores significativos del retraso en el crecimiento en los niños. Quienes ocupan el tercer, cuarto, quinto o puestos más elevados en este orden son niños que en un 24%, 30% y un 72%, respectivamente, tienen más probabilidad de sufrir retraso en su crecimiento tras ajustar para todos otras variables. Asimismo, los resultados en el orden del nacimiento también indicaban que la edad y tamaño del niño tras el parto, así como el carácter del nacimiento, la educación materna, el índice de masa corporal materna, de riqueza, el lugar de residencia y el acceso a medios de comunicación ejercen fuertes influencias sobre la desnutrición infantil. Reduciendo la tasa de natalidad que limita el número de nacimientos y el orden de nacimientos se podría llegar a reducir la desnutrición infantil en Bangladés.

The Effect of Breastfeeding Duration and Parity on the Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize current evidence regarding the association of parity and duration of breastfeeding with the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). METHODS: A systematic search of relevant studies published by December 31, 2015 was performed in PubMed and EMBASE. A random-effect model was used to obtain the summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Thirty-two studies had parity categories of 1, 2, and ≥3. The summary RRs for EOC were 0.72 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.79), 0.57 (95% CI, 0.49 to 0.65), and 0.46 (95% CI, 0.41 to 0.52), respectively. Small to moderate heterogeneity was observed for one birth (p13 months. The summary RRs were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.87), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.81), and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.79), respectively. Only small heterogeneity was observed for <6 months of breastfeeding (p=0.17; Q=18.79, I²=25.5%). Compared to nulliparous women with no history of breastfeeding, the joint effects of two births and <6 months of breastfeeding resulted in a 0.5-fold reduced risk for EOC. CONCLUSIONS: The first birth and breastfeeding for <6 months were associated with significant reductions in EOC risk.

Secular Trends of Gestational Length Distribution in Korean Singleton and Twin Birth: 1997~99, 2011~13

PURPOSE: To compare the secular trends of gestational length distribution in singleton and twin birth by analyzing the birth certificated data of Statistics Korea. METHODS: The birth certificated data of Statistics Korea was used for this analysis (1997~99: 1,850,236 births, 2011~13: 1,325,301 births). The data of triplet birth cases, extra-marital birth, non-hospital birth cases, teenage birth, and gestational length information missing cases were excluded. Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were calculated from multinomial logistic regression analyses to describe the secular trend (1997~99 and 2011~13) of early preterm birth rate (≤33 weeks), late preterm birth rate (34~36 weeks), term birth rate (37~41 weeks), and post-term birth rate (≥42 weeks) adjusted for maternal age (20, 25, 30, 35, 40), birth order (1st=1, 2nd=2, ≧3rd=3), infantile gender (male=1, female=0), maternal occupation (none=1, yes=0), and education (≤middle=1, high=2, college/university=3). RESULTS: From phase I (1997~99) to phase II (2011~13), the gestational length distribution in singleton and twin births shifted the left and toward shorter gestational distribution, and mean gestational length decreased from 39.4 weeks to 38.7 weeks in singleton birth, and decreased from 36.9 weeks to 35.7 weeks in twin birth, During the period, the term birth rate of singleton birth was unchanged at 95 percent, but the term birth rate of twin birth was decreased from 65.7 percent to 46.1 percent. The odds ratio of early preterm birth, late preterm birth, term birth rate, and post-term birth rate in singleton birth for phase II were, respectively, 1.138 (95% confidence interval: 1.106~1.171), 1.556 (1.532~1.581), 1.094 (1.081~1.107), and 0.113 (0.109~0.118), compared with rate of each gestational length for phase I. The odds ratio of each gestational length in twin birth of phase II, comparing phase I, were 1.495 (1.405~1.590) for early preterm birth, 2.110 (2.029~2.194) for late preterm birth, 0.444 (0.428~0.461) for full term birth, and 0.055 (0.026-0.117) for post-term birth. CONCLUSION: The risk of early preterm birth, late preterm birth between phase I & II increased higher in twin birth than that of singleton birth. The rise in early and late preterm birth, and decrease in mean gestational length in singleton and twin birth during the period. There was a need to more research in this area to understand the contributing factors to gestational length.

Socio-economic and demographic determinants of childhood anemia / Fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos determinantes de anemia infantil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate socio-economic and demographic determinants of anemia among Indian children aged 6-59 months. METHODS: Statistical analysis was performed on the cross-sectional weighted sample of 40,885 children from 2005 to 2006 National Family Health Survey by using multinomial logistic regression to assess the significance of some risk factors in different degrees of child anemia. Anemia was diagnosed by World Health Organization (WHO) cut-off points on hemoglobin level. Pearson's chi-squared test was applied to justify the associations of anemia with different categories of the study population. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was 69.5%; 26.2% mild, 40.4% moderate, and 2.9% severe anemia. Overall prevalence rate, along with mild and moderate cases, showed an increasing trend up to 2 years of age and then decreased. Rural children had a higher prevalence rate. Of 28 Indian states in the study, 10 states showed very high prevalence, the highest being Bihar (77.9%). Higher birth order, high index of poverty, low level of maternal education, mother's anemia, non-intake of iron supplements during pregnancy, and vegetarian mother increased the risks of all types of anemia among children (p < 0.05). Christian population was at lower risk; and Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe, and Other Backward Class categories were at higher risk of anemia. CONCLUSION: The results suggest a need for proper planning and implementation of preventive measures to combat child anemia. Economically under-privileged groups, maternal nutrition and education, and birth control measures should be priorities in the programs.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar os fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos determinantes de anemia em crianças indianas de seis a 59 meses. MÉTODOS: A análise estatística foi feita na amostra transversal ponderada de 40.885 crianças da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde da Família de 2005-2006, Governo da Índia, com a técnica de regressão logística multimodal para avaliar a relevância de alguns fatores de risco em diferentes graus de anemia infantil. A anemia foi diagnosticada pelos pontos de corte de nível de hemoglobinas da OMS. O teste qui-quadrado de Pearson foi usado para justificar as associações da anemia com diferentes categorias de população estudada. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de anemia foi de 69,5%, 26,2% de anemia leve, 40,4% de anemia moderada e 2,9% de anemia grave. A taxa de prevalência geral, juntamente com a de anemia leve e moderada, mostrou uma tendência de aumento até os dois anos e depois disso de queda. As crianças da zona rural têm maior taxa de prevalência. Dos 28 estados indianos do estudo, 10 apresentaram prevalência muito alta. Bihar foi o maior deles (77,9%). A ordem de nascimento elevada, o alto índice de pobreza, o baixo nível de escolaridade materna, a anemia materna, a não ingestão de suplementos de ferro durante a gravidez e o vegetarianismo materno aumentaram os riscos de todos os tipos de anemia entre crianças (p < 0,05). A população cristã tinha o menor risco; e as categorias casta reconhecida, tribo reconhecida e outras classes atrasadas tinham o maior risco de anemia. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de planejamento e implantação adequados de medidas preventivas contra a anemia infantil. Grupos economicamente carentes, a nutrição e a escolaridade maternas e o controle da natalidade devem ser prioridades nos programas.

Relación entre el intervalo de nacimiento entre gemelos y el pH de cordón umbilical: ¿existe asociación entre la acidosis del primer gemelo y el segundo? / Relationship between the birth interval between twins and umbilical cord pH: is there an association between acidosis of the first twin and the second?

OBJETIVOS: Determinar si el intervalo de nacimiento vía vaginal entre gemelos, se relaciona con un descenso de pH arterial/venoso de cordón umbilical del segundo gemelo respecto al primero, y establecer si el pH acidótico del primer gemelo predice la acidosis del segundo. MÉTODO: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo en 77 pares de gemelos realizado en el Hospital de Getafe, España, en el periodo 2008-2013. Se relacionó el tiempo transcurrido entre el nacimiento de los gemelos con el resultado del pH de cordón y el exceso de bases. Estudiamos la correlación entre el tiempo transcurrido entre ambos nacimientos y la diferencia entre los valores de pH del primer y segundo gemelo, y la correlación con la diferencia de exceso de base. RESULTADOS: Hubo correlación lineal significativa entre el tiempo transcurrido entre el nacimiento de los gemelos y la diferencia de pH venoso del segundo gemelo respecto del primero (R=0,560; p=0,0001), así como con el pH arterial (R=0,502; p=0,0001). El pH <7,20 del primer gemelo se asoció con acidosis en el cordón del 2° gemelo (<7,20, p=0,000; <7,15, p=0,0001; <7,10, p=0,0001; <7,05, p=0,001; <7,00, p=0,0001). CONCLUSIONES: El pH del segundo gemelo siempre fue igual o menor que el del primer gemelo, hubo una correlación lineal entre el intervalo de nacimiento entre gemelos y el descenso del pH venoso y arterial del segundo gemelo respecto al primero. El pH acidótico del primer gemelo predice la acidosis del segundo.

OBJETIVOS: Determinate if the twin-to-twin vaginal delivery time interval, is related with a decline of the arterio-venous cord blood pH of the second twin regarding to the first twin, and to evaluate if the acidotic pH of first twin can predict the acidosis status of the second one. METHOD: A retrospective descriptive cohort study was performed at the Hospital of Getafe, Spain, in the period 2008-2013, with 77 pairs of twins that were registered and met the inclusion criteria. The twin-to-twin delivery time interval and the cord blood status results were registered. A statistical analysis was performed to study the relation of the twin-to-twin delivery time interval with the pH value differences between first and second twins, and with the base excess. RESULTS: A positive linear correlation between the twin-to-twin delivery time interval and the difference of venous pH of the second twin respect to the first one was found (R=0.560; p=0.0001), and also with the difference on arterial pH (R=0.502; p=0.0001). A pH value <7.20 of the first twin was associated with blood cord acidosis of the second twin (<7.20, p=0.000; <7.15, p=0.0001; <7.10, p=0.0001; <7.05, p=0,001; <7.00, p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The second twin pH was equal to or less than the first twin pH in all cases. There is a linear relation between twin-to-twin delivery time interval and the decrease of the pH value of the second twin regarding to the first one. The acidosis of first twin could predict the acidosis status of the second twin.

Posttraumatic Growth Characteristics and Distress in Mothers of Children with Cancer

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to understand distress and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in mothers of children with cancer. METHODS: The data were collected through self-reported questionnaires completed by 222 mothers of children with cancer who had visited the hospital between 9th August and 17th September 2013. RESULTS: The results showed high distress both currently and at diagnosis in the majority of respondents. Analysis of the effects of general characteristics on PTG revealed that religious respondents, or those with considerable religious influence, had higher PTG. PTG was also higher in participants with 2 or more children, and for whom the patient was the second-born or later. There were no significant differences in PTG according to either the mother's characteristics (age, level of education, employment status, and burden of medical care costs) or the patient's characteristics (age, gender, birth order, diagnosis, duration of disease, and recurrence). CONCLUSION: The results of this study allowed a balanced observation of both positive and negative psychological states, such as distress and PTG, in mothers of children with cancer. These study findings may be useful foundation data for development of interventions to promote PTG.

The Discordance of Intra-twin Birth Weight by Infantile Gender and Birth Order in Korea; 2008-2013 / 대한주산의학회잡지

PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence of intra-twin birth weight discordance and its association with infantile gender and birth order. METHODS: We used the data of birth from 2008 to 2013 of Korea Statistics (38,140 pairs of twins). Adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed to describe the birth weight discordance (> or =25%) according to infantile gender and birth order (twin A: 1st, twin B: 2nd). Birth weight discordance was calculated as 100 x (birth weight difference/birth weight of the heavier twin). RESULTS: Twin A (mean 2.431 kg) was heavier than twin B (mean 2.359 kg), and the weight difference was 0.281 kg on average. Overall incidence of birth weight discordance was 8.3 percent. The incidence of discordance was 8.8 percent among unlike-sexed pairs and 8.0 percent among like-sexed pairs. Twins with birth weight A> or =B (10.2 percent) showed higher incidence of discordance than twins with birth weight A or =B) as compared to like-sexed twins (female-female) with birth weight (A

Ordem do nascimento e abertura à experiência: comunicação breve / Birth order and openness to experience: brief communication

Ordem do nascimento é definida como a posição ocupada por uma pessoa conforme a sua idade entre seus irmãos e irmãs. Abertura à experiência é uma das cinco dimensões básicas da personalidade. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a relação entre ordem do nascimento e abertura à experiência em uma amostra de 472 estudantes universitários (média de idades = 24,6 anos; DP= 8,8). Os resultados indicaram efeitos distintos para homens e mulheres quanto à influência da ordem do nascimento. Os resultados são discutidos em termos de possíveis particularidades culturais e do delineamento metodológico empregado para a avaliação da personalidade

Birth order is defined as a person's rank by age among his or her siblings. Openness to experience is one of five major domains of personality. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between birth order and openness to experience in a sample of 472 university students (mean age = 24.6 years; SD = 8.8). Results showed distinct effects for men and women regarding the influence of birth order. Authors discuss the results in light of possible cultural features and of the personality assessment method employed

Effects of Antibiotic Consumption on Children 2-8 Years of Age Developing Asthma / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: Antibiotic exposure in children is a possible contributor to the increasing asthma prevalence in several countries. The present study aimed to investigate the association between antibiotic exposure and the risk of developing childhood asthma at 2-8 years of age. METHODS: A case-control study was undertaken among children aged 2-8 years old between March and September 2010 in the Urmia district in the northwest of Iran. The cases were doctor-diagnosed asthmatic children based on Global Initiative for Asthma criteria (n=207), and the controls were children without respiratory symptoms (n=400) selected by frequency matching by age and gender. Clinical data including antibiotic exposure was collected by a validated and reliable questionnaire, which was completed by interviewing parents/guardians. RESULTS: Antibiotic consumption during the first year of life increased the odds ratio [OR] of asthma symptoms at 2-8 years of age (crude OR, 2.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-3.35; p<0.01), and the strength of association was similar after adjusting for a family history of asthma or atopic disorder, preterm delivery, birth order, and delivery method (adjusted OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.27-2.88; p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that antibiotic consumption in children was associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma, and an additional confirmative study is needed.

Age at First Marriage and First Birth Interval in Ethiopia: Analysis of the Roles of Social and Demographic Factors

The ages at which females establish marital union and give first birth depend on and result in varying demographic features. Utilizing the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey Data; this study examined determinants of first birth interval. The analysis was made using Cox proportional hazard model and Kaplan Meier plot based on data collected from 10;240 ever-married women in the age group 15 to 49. The result shows that first marriage at early age; lower level of education; older marriage cohort; and residence in Amhara region significantly elongated first birth interval. It reveals that timings of marriage and first birth are partly governed by social factors and marriage practices of the society although modernization factors have roles to play. The findings indicate the importance of considering the context within which marriage and first birth take place to address reproductive health problems of women and speed-up the achievement of the targets set in the National Population Policy of Ethiopia

Effects of birth order, maternal abortion and mode of delivery on childhood acute leukemia risk: a meta-analysis / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the associations between birth order, maternal abortion and mode of delivery and childhood acute leukemia risk.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Multiple electronic databases were searched to identify relevant studies up to March 2013 using the search terms "childhood leukemia", "acute lymphoblastic leukemia", "acute myeloid leukemia","birth order", "abortion", "miscarriage", "cesarean", "birth characteristics" and "prenatal risk factor". Data from cohort and case-control studies were analyzed using the Stata software.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Twenty-three studies were included in this meta-analysis according to the selection criteria. No significant associations were identified for birth order and mode of delivery (birth order = 2: OR = 0.97, 95%CI: 0.89-1.05; birth order = 3: OR = 1.00, 95%CI: 0.91-1.11; birth order ≥ 4: OR = 1.02, 95%CI: 0.87-1.20; mode of delivery: OR = 1.05, 95%CI: 0.96-1.15). However, there was a significant association between maternal abortion and childhood acute leukemia risk (spontaneous abortion: OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.05-1.41; induced abortion: OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.07-1.43). Furthermore, the stratified analysis by disease subtypes showed that spontaneous and induced abortions were significantly associated with the risks of childhood acute myeloid leukemia (OR = 1.71, 95%CI: 1.09-2.70) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.05-1.42), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This meta-analysis revealed that maternal abortion might contribute to the childhood acute leukemia risk.</p>